This study compares the modal share in European cities, analyzing the differences between those that have a metro, a tram or neither. The analysis draws on a comprehensive dataset from CitiesMoving.com, which compiles and harmonizes mobility surveys from around the world according to the ABC framework (A for active mobility, B for bus and other forms of public transport and C for cars). Findings reveal that cities with a metro have a significantly lower share of car journeys than those with only a tram or no rail system.
Preprint:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08280